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general.c

 
/*
 * libgit2 "general" example - shows basic libgit2 concepts
 *
 * Written by the libgit2 contributors
 *
 * To the extent possible under law, the author(s) have dedicated all copyright
 * and related and neighboring rights to this software to the public domain
 * worldwide. This software is distributed without any warranty.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the CC0 Public Domain Dedication along
 * with this software. If not, see
 * <http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/>.
 */

libgit2 is a portable, pure C implementation of the Git core methods provided as a re-entrant linkable library with a solid API, allowing you to write native speed custom Git applications in any language which supports C bindings.

This file is an example of using that API in a real, compilable C file. As the API is updated, this file will be updated to demonstrate the new functionality.

If you're trying to write something in C using libgit2, you should also check out the generated API documentation. We try to link to the relevant sections of the API docs in each section in this file.

libgit2 (for the most part) only implements the core plumbing functions, not really the higher level porcelain stuff. For a primer on Git Internals that you will need to know to work with Git at this level, check out Chapter 10 of the Pro Git book.

 
#include "common.h"

Includes

Including the git2.h header will include all the other libgit2 headers that you need. It should be the only thing you need to include in order to compile properly and get all the libgit2 API.

 
#include "git2.h"

static void oid_parsing(git_oid *out);
static void object_database(git_repository *repo, git_oid *oid);
static void commit_writing(git_repository *repo);
static void commit_parsing(git_repository *repo);
static void tag_parsing(git_repository *repo);
static void tree_parsing(git_repository *repo);
static void blob_parsing(git_repository *repo);
static void revwalking(git_repository *repo);
static void index_walking(git_repository *repo);
static void reference_listing(git_repository *repo);
static void config_files(const char *repo_path, git_repository *repo);

Almost all libgit2 functions return 0 on success or negative on error. This is not production quality error checking, but should be sufficient as an example.

 
static void check_error(int error_code, const char *action)
{
  const git_error *error = git_error_last();
  if (!error_code)
    return;

  printf("Error %d %s - %s\n", error_code, action,
      (error && error->message) ? error->message : "???");

  exit(1);
}

int lg2_general(git_repository *repo, int argc, char** argv)
{
  int error;
  git_oid oid;
  char *repo_path;

Initialize the library, this will set up any global state which libgit2 needs including threading and crypto

 
  git_libgit2_init();

Opening the Repository

There are a couple of methods for opening a repository, this being the simplest. There are also methods for specifying the index file and work tree locations, here we assume they are in the normal places.

(Try running this program against tests/resources/testrepo.git.)

 
  repo_path = (argc > 1) ? argv[1] : "/opt/libgit2-test/.git";

  error = git_repository_open(&repo, repo_path);
  check_error(error, "opening repository");

  oid_parsing(&oid);
  object_database(repo, &oid);
  commit_writing(repo);
  commit_parsing(repo);
  tag_parsing(repo);
  tree_parsing(repo);
  blob_parsing(repo);
  revwalking(repo);
  index_walking(repo);
  reference_listing(repo);
  config_files(repo_path, repo);

Finally, when you're done with the repository, you can free it as well.

 
  git_repository_free(repo);

  return 0;
}

SHA-1 Value Conversions

 
static void oid_parsing(git_oid *oid)
{
  char out[GIT_OID_SHA1_HEXSIZE+1];
  char hex[] = "4a202b346bb0fb0db7eff3cffeb3c70babbd2045";

  printf("*Hex to Raw*\n");

For our first example, we will convert a 40 character hex value to the 20 byte raw SHA1 value.

The git_oid is the structure that keeps the SHA value. We will use this throughout the example for storing the value of the current SHA key we're working with.

 
#ifdef GIT_EXPERIMENTAL_SHA256
  git_oid_fromstr(oid, hex, GIT_OID_SHA1);
#else
  git_oid_fromstr(oid, hex);
#endif

  /*
   * Once we've converted the string into the oid value, we can get the raw
   * value of the SHA by accessing `oid.id`
   *
   * Next we will convert the 20 byte raw SHA1 value to a human readable 40
   * char hex value.
   */
  printf("\n*Raw to Hex*\n");
  out[GIT_OID_SHA1_HEXSIZE] = '\0';

If you have a oid, you can easily get the hex value of the SHA as well.

 
  git_oid_fmt(out, oid);
  printf("SHA hex string: %s\n", out);
}

Working with the Object Database

libgit2 provides direct access to the object database. The object database is where the actual objects are stored in Git. For working with raw objects, we'll need to get this structure from the repository.

 
static void object_database(git_repository *repo, git_oid *oid)
{
  char oid_hex[GIT_OID_SHA1_HEXSIZE+1] = { 0 };
  const unsigned char *data;
  const char *str_type;
  int error;
  git_odb_object *obj;
  git_odb *odb;
  git_object_t otype;

  git_repository_odb(&odb, repo);

Raw Object Reading

 
  printf("\n*Raw Object Read*\n");

We can read raw objects directly from the object database if we have the oid (SHA) of the object. This allows us to access objects without knowing their type and inspect the raw bytes unparsed.

 
  error = git_odb_read(&obj, odb, oid);
  check_error(error, "finding object in repository");

A raw object only has three properties - the type (commit, blob, tree or tag), the size of the raw data and the raw, unparsed data itself. For a commit or tag, that raw data is human readable plain ASCII text. For a blob it is just file contents, so it could be text or binary data. For a tree it is a special binary format, so it's unlikely to be hugely helpful as a raw object.

 
  data = (const unsigned char *)git_odb_object_data(obj);
  otype = git_odb_object_type(obj);

We provide methods to convert from the object type which is an enum, to a string representation of that value (and vice-versa).

 
  str_type = git_object_type2string(otype);
  printf("object length and type: %d, %s\nobject data: %s\n",
      (int)git_odb_object_size(obj),
      str_type, data);

For proper memory management, close the object when you are done with it or it will leak memory.

 
  git_odb_object_free(obj);

Raw Object Writing

 
  printf("\n*Raw Object Write*\n");

You can also write raw object data to Git. This is pretty cool because it gives you direct access to the key/value properties of Git. Here we'll write a new blob object that just contains a simple string. Notice that we have to specify the object type as the git_otype enum.

 
  git_odb_write(oid, odb, "test data", sizeof("test data") - 1, GIT_OBJECT_BLOB);

Now that we've written the object, we can check out what SHA1 was generated when the object was written to our database.

 
  git_oid_fmt(oid_hex, oid);
  printf("Written Object: %s\n", oid_hex);

Free the object database after usage.

 
  git_odb_free(odb);
}

Writing Commits

libgit2 provides a couple of methods to create commit objects easily as well. There are four different create signatures, we'll just show one of them here. You can read about the other ones in the commit API docs.

 
static void commit_writing(git_repository *repo)
{
  git_oid tree_id, parent_id, commit_id;
  git_tree *tree;
  git_commit *parent;
  git_signature *author, *committer;
  char oid_hex[GIT_OID_SHA1_HEXSIZE+1] = { 0 };

  printf("\n*Commit Writing*\n");

Creating signatures for an authoring identity and time is simple. You will need to do this to specify who created a commit and when. Default values for the name and email should be found in the user.name and user.email configuration options. See the config section of this example file to see how to access config values.

 
  git_signature_new(&author,
      "Scott Chacon", "schacon@gmail.com", 123456789, 60);
  git_signature_new(&committer,
      "Scott A Chacon", "scott@github.com", 987654321, 90);

Commit objects need a tree to point to and optionally one or more parents. Here we're creating oid objects to create the commit with, but you can also use

 
#ifdef GIT_EXPERIMENTAL_SHA256
  git_oid_fromstr(&tree_id, "f60079018b664e4e79329a7ef9559c8d9e0378d1", GIT_OID_SHA1);
  git_oid_fromstr(&parent_id, "5b5b025afb0b4c913b4c338a42934a3863bf3644", GIT_OID_SHA1);
#else
  git_oid_fromstr(&tree_id, "f60079018b664e4e79329a7ef9559c8d9e0378d1");
  git_oid_fromstr(&parent_id, "5b5b025afb0b4c913b4c338a42934a3863bf3644");
#endif
  git_tree_lookup(&tree, repo, &tree_id);
  git_commit_lookup(&parent, repo, &parent_id);

Here we actually create the commit object with a single call with all the values we need to create the commit. The SHA key is written to the commit_id variable here.

 
  git_commit_create_v(
      &commit_id, /* out id */
      repo,
      NULL, /* do not update the HEAD */
      author,
      committer,
      NULL, /* use default message encoding */
      "example commit",
      tree,
      1, parent);

Now we can take a look at the commit SHA we've generated.

 
  git_oid_fmt(oid_hex, &commit_id);
  printf("New Commit: %s\n", oid_hex);

Free all objects used in the meanwhile.

 
  git_tree_free(tree);
  git_commit_free(parent);
  git_signature_free(author);
  git_signature_free(committer);
}

Object Parsing

libgit2 has methods to parse every object type in Git so you don't have to work directly with the raw data. This is much faster and simpler than trying to deal with the raw data yourself.

 

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Commit Parsing



Parsing commit objects is simple and gives you access to all the
data in the commit - the author (name, email, datetime), committer
(same), tree, message, encoding and parent(s).

      		
      
        
static void commit_parsing(git_repository *repo)
{
  const git_signature *author, *cmtter;
  git_commit *commit, *parent;
  git_oid oid;
  char oid_hex[GIT_OID_SHA1_HEXSIZE+1];
  const char *message;
  unsigned int parents, p;
  int error;
  time_t time;

  printf("\n*Commit Parsing*\n");

#ifdef GIT_EXPERIMENTAL_SHA256
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "8496071c1b46c854b31185ea97743be6a8774479", GIT_OID_SHA1);
#else
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "8496071c1b46c854b31185ea97743be6a8774479");
#endif

  error = git_commit_lookup(&commit, repo, &oid);
  check_error(error, "looking up commit");

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Each of the properties of the commit object are accessible via methods,
including commonly needed variations, such as git_commit_time which
returns the author time and git_commit_message which gives you the
commit message (as a NUL-terminated string).

      		
      
        
  message  = git_commit_message(commit);
  author   = git_commit_author(commit);
  cmtter   = git_commit_committer(commit);
  time    = git_commit_time(commit);

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
The author and committer methods return [gitsignature] structures,
which give you name, email and when, which is a `gittime` structure,
giving you a timestamp and timezone offset.

      		
      
        
  printf("Author: %s (%s)\nCommitter: %s (%s)\nDate: %s\nMessage: %s\n",
    author->name, author->email,
    cmtter->name, cmtter->email,
    ctime(&time), message);

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Commits can have zero or more parents. The first (root) commit will
have no parents, most commits will have one (i.e. the commit it was
based on) and merge commits will have two or more.  Commits can
technically have any number, though it's rare to have more than two.

      		
      
        
  parents  = git_commit_parentcount(commit);
  for (p = 0;p < parents;p++) {
    memset(oid_hex, 0, sizeof(oid_hex));

    git_commit_parent(&parent, commit, p);
    git_oid_fmt(oid_hex, git_commit_id(parent));
    printf("Parent: %s\n", oid_hex);
    git_commit_free(parent);
  }

  git_commit_free(commit);
}

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Tag Parsing



You can parse and create tags with the tag management API, which
functions very similarly to the commit lookup, parsing and creation
methods, since the objects themselves are very similar.

      		
      
        
static void tag_parsing(git_repository *repo)
{
  git_commit *commit;
  git_object_t type;
  git_tag *tag;
  git_oid oid;
  const char *name, *message;
  int error;

  printf("\n*Tag Parsing*\n");

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
We create an oid for the tag object if we know the SHA and look it up
the same way that we would a commit (or any other object).

      		
      
        
#ifdef GIT_EXPERIMENTAL_SHA256
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "b25fa35b38051e4ae45d4222e795f9df2e43f1d1", GIT_OID_SHA1);
#else
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "b25fa35b38051e4ae45d4222e795f9df2e43f1d1");
#endif

  error = git_tag_lookup(&tag, repo, &oid);
  check_error(error, "looking up tag");

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Now that we have the tag object, we can extract the information it
generally contains: the target (usually a commit object), the type of
the target object (usually 'commit'), the name ('v1.0'), the tagger (a
git_signature - name, email, timestamp), and the tag message.

      		
      
        
  git_tag_target((git_object **)&commit, tag);
  name = git_tag_name(tag);		/* "test" */
  type = git_tag_target_type(tag);	/* GIT_OBJECT_COMMIT (object_t enum) */
  message = git_tag_message(tag);		/* "tag message\n" */
  printf("Tag Name: %s\nTag Type: %s\nTag Message: %s\n",
    name, git_object_type2string(type), message);

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Free both the commit and tag after usage.

      		
      
        
  git_commit_free(commit);
  git_tag_free(tag);
}

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Tree Parsing



Tree parsing is a bit different than the other objects, in that
we have a subtype which is the tree entry.  This is not an actual
object type in Git, but a useful structure for parsing and traversing
tree entries.

      		
      
        
static void tree_parsing(git_repository *repo)
{
  const git_tree_entry *entry;
  size_t cnt;
  git_object *obj;
  git_tree *tree;
  git_oid oid;

  printf("\n*Tree Parsing*\n");

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Create the oid and lookup the tree object just like the other objects.

      		
      
        
#ifdef GIT_EXPERIMENTAL_SHA256
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "f60079018b664e4e79329a7ef9559c8d9e0378d1", GIT_OID_SHA1);
#else
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "f60079018b664e4e79329a7ef9559c8d9e0378d1");
#endif
  git_tree_lookup(&tree, repo, &oid);

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Getting the count of entries in the tree so you can iterate over them
if you want to.

      		
      
        
  cnt = git_tree_entrycount(tree); /* 2 */
  printf("tree entries: %d\n", (int) cnt);

  entry = git_tree_entry_byindex(tree, 0);
  printf("Entry name: %s\n", git_tree_entry_name(entry)); /* "README" */

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
You can also access tree entries by name if you know the name of the
entry you're looking for.

      		
      
        
  entry = git_tree_entry_byname(tree, "README");
  git_tree_entry_name(entry); /* "README" */

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Once you have the entry object, you can access the content or subtree
(or commit, in the case of submodules) that it points to.  You can also
get the mode if you want.

      		
      
        
  git_tree_entry_to_object(&obj, repo, entry); /* blob */

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Remember to close the looked-up object and tree once you are done using it

      		
      
        
  git_object_free(obj);
  git_tree_free(tree);
}

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Blob Parsing



The last object type is the simplest and requires the least parsing
help. Blobs are just file contents and can contain anything, there is
no structure to it. The main advantage to using the simple blob
api is that when you're creating blobs you don't have to calculate
the size of the content.  There is also a helper for reading a file
from disk and writing it to the db and getting the oid back so you
don't have to do all those steps yourself.

      		
      
        
static void blob_parsing(git_repository *repo)
{
  git_blob *blob;
  git_oid oid;

  printf("\n*Blob Parsing*\n");

#ifdef GIT_EXPERIMENTAL_SHA256
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "1385f264afb75a56a5bec74243be9b367ba4ca08", GIT_OID_SHA1);
#else
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "1385f264afb75a56a5bec74243be9b367ba4ca08");
#endif
  git_blob_lookup(&blob, repo, &oid);

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
You can access a buffer with the raw contents of the blob directly.
Note that this buffer may not be contain ASCII data for certain blobs
(e.g. binary files): do not consider the buffer a NULL-terminated
string, and use the git_blob_rawsize attribute to find out its exact
size in bytes

      		
      
        
  printf("Blob Size: %ld\n", (long)git_blob_rawsize(blob)); /* 8 */
  git_blob_rawcontent(blob); /* "content" */

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Free the blob after usage.

      		
      
        
  git_blob_free(blob);
}

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Revwalking



The libgit2 revision walking api provides methods to traverse the
directed graph created by the parent pointers of the commit objects.
Since all commits point back to the commit that came directly before
them, you can walk this parentage as a graph and find all the commits
that were ancestors of (reachable from) a given starting point.  This
can allow you to create git log type functionality.

      		
      
        
static void revwalking(git_repository *repo)
{
  const git_signature *cauth;
  const char *cmsg;
  int error;
  git_revwalk *walk;
  git_commit *wcommit;
  git_oid oid;

  printf("\n*Revwalking*\n");

#ifdef GIT_EXPERIMENTAL_SHA256
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "5b5b025afb0b4c913b4c338a42934a3863bf3644", GIT_OID_SHA1);
#else
  git_oid_fromstr(&oid, "5b5b025afb0b4c913b4c338a42934a3863bf3644");
#endif

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
To use the revwalker, create a new walker, tell it how you want to sort
the output and then push one or more starting points onto the walker.
If you want to emulate the output of git log you would push the SHA
of the commit that HEAD points to into the walker and then start
traversing them.  You can also 'hide' commits that you want to stop at
or not see any of their ancestors.  So if you want to emulate git log
branch1..branch2, you would push the oid of branch2 and hide the oid
of branch1.

      		
      
        
  git_revwalk_new(&walk, repo);
  git_revwalk_sorting(walk, GIT_SORT_TOPOLOGICAL | GIT_SORT_REVERSE);
  git_revwalk_push(walk, &oid);

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Now that we have the starting point pushed onto the walker, we start
asking for ancestors. It will return them in the sorting order we asked
for as commit oids.  We can then lookup and parse the committed pointed
at by the returned OID; note that this operation is specially fast
since the raw contents of the commit object will be cached in memory

      		
      
        
  while ((git_revwalk_next(&oid, walk)) == 0) {
    error = git_commit_lookup(&wcommit, repo, &oid);
    check_error(error, "looking up commit during revwalk");

    cmsg  = git_commit_message(wcommit);
    cauth = git_commit_author(wcommit);
    printf("%s (%s)\n", cmsg, cauth->email);

    git_commit_free(wcommit);
  }

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Like the other objects, be sure to free the revwalker when you're done
to prevent memory leaks.  Also, make sure that the repository being
walked it not deallocated while the walk is in progress, or it will
result in undefined behavior

      		
      
        
  git_revwalk_free(walk);
}

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Index File Manipulation *



The index file API allows you to read, traverse, update and write
the Git index file (sometimes thought of as the staging area).

      		
      
        
static void index_walking(git_repository *repo)
{
  git_index *index;
  size_t i, ecount;

  printf("\n*Index Walking*\n");

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
You can either open the index from the standard location in an open
repository, as we're doing here, or you can open and manipulate any
index file with git_index_open_bare(). The index for the repository
will be located and loaded from disk.

      		
      
        
  git_repository_index(&index, repo);

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
For each entry in the index, you can get a bunch of information
including the SHA (oid), path and mode which map to the tree objects
that are written out.  It also has filesystem properties to help
determine what to inspect for changes (ctime, mtime, dev, ino, uid,
gid, filesize and flags) All these properties are exported publicly in
the `gitindex_entry` struct

      		
      
        
  ecount = git_index_entrycount(index);
  for (i = 0; i < ecount; ++i) {
    const git_index_entry *e = git_index_get_byindex(index, i);

    printf("path: %s\n", e->path);
    printf("mtime: %d\n", (int)e->mtime.seconds);
    printf("fs: %d\n", (int)e->file_size);
  }

  git_index_free(index);
}

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
References



The reference API allows you to list, resolve, create and update
references such as branches, tags and remote references (everything in
the .git/refs directory).

      		
      
        
static void reference_listing(git_repository *repo)
{
  git_strarray ref_list;
  unsigned i;

  printf("\n*Reference Listing*\n");

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Here we will implement something like git for-each-ref simply listing
out all available references and the object SHA they resolve to.



Now that we have the list of reference names, we can lookup each ref
one at a time and resolve them to the SHA, then print both values out.

      		
      
        
  git_reference_list(&ref_list, repo);

  for (i = 0; i < ref_list.count; ++i) {
    git_reference *ref;
    char oid_hex[GIT_OID_SHA1_HEXSIZE+1] = GIT_OID_SHA1_HEXZERO;
    const char *refname;

    refname = ref_list.strings[i];
    git_reference_lookup(&ref, repo, refname);

    switch (git_reference_type(ref)) {
      case GIT_REFERENCE_DIRECT:
        git_oid_fmt(oid_hex, git_reference_target(ref));
        printf("%s [%s]\n", refname, oid_hex);
        break;

      case GIT_REFERENCE_SYMBOLIC:
        printf("%s => %s\n", refname, git_reference_symbolic_target(ref));
        break;
      default:
        fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected reference type\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    git_reference_free(ref);
  }

  git_strarray_dispose(&ref_list);
}

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Config Files



The config API allows you to list and update config values
in any of the accessible config file locations (system, global, local).

      		
      
        
static void config_files(const char *repo_path, git_repository* repo)
{
  const char *email;
  char config_path[256];
  int32_t autocorrect;
  git_config *cfg;
  git_config *snap_cfg;
  int error_code;

  printf("\n*Config Listing*\n");

      		
    

    

      
        

          
        

        
Open a config object so we can read global values from it.


      		
      
        
  sprintf(config_path, "%s/config", repo_path);
  check_error(git_config_open_ondisk(&cfg, config_path), "opening config");

  if (git_config_get_int32(&autocorrect, cfg, "help.autocorrect") == 0)
    printf("Autocorrect: %d\n", autocorrect);

  check_error(git_repository_config_snapshot(&snap_cfg, repo), "config snapshot");
  git_config_get_string(&email, snap_cfg, "user.email");
  printf("Email: %s\n", email);

  error_code = git_config_get_int32(&autocorrect, cfg, "help.autocorrect");
  switch (error_code)
  {
    case 0:
      printf("Autocorrect: %d\n", autocorrect);
      break;
    case GIT_ENOTFOUND:
      printf("Autocorrect: Undefined\n");
      break;
    default:
      check_error(error_code, "get_int32 failed");
  }
  git_config_free(cfg);

  check_error(git_repository_config_snapshot(&snap_cfg, repo), "config snapshot");
  error_code = git_config_get_string(&email, snap_cfg, "user.email");
  switch (error_code)
  {
    case 0:
      printf("Email: %s\n", email);
      break;
    case GIT_ENOTFOUND:
      printf("Email: Undefined\n");
      break;
    default:
      check_error(error_code, "get_string failed");
  }

  git_config_free(snap_cfg);
}